Cladosporium is a genus of fungi in the family Davidiellaceae. It was classified in 1816. Most members of the genus are common saprotrophic, widespread fungi, although there are also phytopathogenic, endophytic, fungophilic fungi, and human and animal pathogens. Species of this genus are often found in samples of air, soil, food products, various paints, textiles and other materials. The species C. sphaerospermum and C. cladosporioides dominate in fungal complexes that destroy marble cultural monuments and building materials. Representatives of the genus can cause allergic diseases and are common contaminants in clinical laboratories.

Penicillium is a genus of fungi in the Aspergillaceae family. The name was first published in 1809. A. Fleming, studying streptococci, grew them on a nutrient medium in Petri dishes. On one of the dishes, along with staphylococci, a colony of mould fungi grew, around which staphylococci did not develop. Intrigued by this phenomenon, Fleming isolated the Penicillium notatum fungus culture. It was not until 1940 that a group of Oxford researchers succeeded in isolating the substance that inhibited the growth of staphylococci. The resulting antibiotic was named penicillin.

Trichoderma is a genus of fungi in the Hypocreaceae family. The name was first published in 1794. These soil fungi are used as biological control agents against pathogens of agricultural plants. For example, the soil fungus Trichoderma lignorum is successfully used against the phytopathogen Verticillium dahliae, which causes wilting in cotton and other plants. To combat soil pathogens in plants, the preparation Trichodermin has been created, consisting of spores and mycelium of the fungus Trichoderma and the substrate on which the fungus was grown (most often peat). Fungi of this genus are also used as plant residue destructors — a preparation that promotes the accelerated decomposition of plant residues in the soil. 

Rhodotorula is a genus of fungi in the Sporidiobolaceae family. The name was first published in 1927. Rhodotorula glutinis is a typical species of the genus Rhodotorula, a basidiomycete genus of pink yeast containing 370 species. The heterogeneity of the genus has complicated its classification, as five varieties have been recognised; however, as of 2011, they are all considered representatives of a single taxon. The fungus is a common coloniser of animals, food products and environmental materials. It is used industrially for the production of carotenoid pigments and as a means of biocontrol after harvest spoilage of fruit. Rhodotorula glutinis is an aerobic yeast characterised by pink, smooth colonies with a moist appearance. Reproduction usually occurs by multipolar budding, although pseudohyphae are sometimes formed. Sexual reproduction occurs via basidiospores arising from teliospores that develop from mycelial clamps. A distinctive feature of the species and its close relatives is the intense yellow and red pigments that form during growth on most substrates.

Mucor (from Latin — mould, mildew) — a genus of lower fungi belonging to the order Mucorales of the class Zygomycota. They are found in soil, food products, plant and animal remains. Some mucors are parasites of fruits, seeds, etc. There are many species of mucor, and they all have their own characteristics. For example, Mucor mucedo is often found on rotten organic matter, while Mucor racemosus prefers places with high humidity. They can grow almost anywhere where there is organic matter for nutrition. This fungus has spores that spread very easily through the air. This makes it a real traveller. When conditions become favourable, the spores germinate and form colonies that we see as mould. Bread with white or grey mould is likely to be caused by Mucor. Mucor not only causes food spoilage, but can also be hazardous to health. Its spores, when inhaled, can cause serious illness, especially in people with weakened immune systems.